An application menu
| Chapter 31. Building applications |

## An application menu

An application menu is shown by GNOME shell at the top of the screen. It is meant to collect infrequently used actions that affect the whole application. The application menu is shown either at the top of the screen, or at the top of the application's window, depending on which desktop shell you use.

Just like the application window, we specify our application menu in a ui file, and add it as a resource to our binary.

To associate the app menu with the application, we have to call `Gtk::Application::set_app_menu()`. Since app menus work by activating `Gio::Action`s, we also have to add a suitable set of actions to our application.

Both of these tasks are best done in the `on_startup()` default signal handler, which is guaranteed to be called once for each primary application instance.

Our preferences menu item does not do anything yet, but the Quit menu item is fully functional. It can also be activated by the usual Ctrl-Q shortcut. The shortcut is added with `Gtk::Application::set_accel_for_action()`.

The application menu looks like this:

Figure 31.4. An application menu

Source Code

File: `exampleappwindow.h` (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

    #include "../step3/exampleappwindow.h"
    // Equal to the corresponding file in step3

File: `exampleapplication.h` (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

    #ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLEAPPLICATION_H
    #define GTKMM_EXAMPLEAPPLICATION_H

    #include <gtkmm.h>

    class ExampleAppWindow;

    class ExampleApplication: public Gtk::Application
    {
    protected:
      ExampleApplication();

    public:
      static Glib::RefPtr<ExampleApplication> create();

    protected:
      // Override default signal handlers:
      void on_startup() override;
      void on_activate() override;
      void on_open(const Gio::Application::type_vec_files& files,
        const Glib::ustring& hint) override;

    private:
      ExampleAppWindow* create_appwindow();
      void on_hide_window(Gtk::Window* window);
      void on_action_preferences();
      void on_action_quit();
    };

    #endif /* GTKMM_EXAMPLEAPPLICATION_H */

File: `exampleapplication.cc` (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

    #include "exampleapplication.h"
    #include "exampleappwindow.h"
    #include <iostream>
    #include <exception>

    ExampleApplication::ExampleApplication()
    : Gtk::Application("org.gtkmm.examples.application", Gio::APPLICATION_HANDLES_OPEN)
    {
    }

    Glib::RefPtr<ExampleApplication> ExampleApplication::create()
    {
      return Glib::RefPtr<ExampleApplication>(new ExampleApplication());
    }

    ExampleAppWindow* ExampleApplication::create_appwindow()
    {
      auto appwindow = ExampleAppWindow::create();

      // Make sure that the application runs for as long this window is still open.
      add_window(*appwindow);

      // Gtk::Application::add_window() connects a signal handler to the window's
      // signal_hide(). That handler removes the window from the application.
      // If it's the last window to be removed, the application stops running.
      // Gtk::Window::set_application() does not connect a signal handler, but is
      // otherwise equivalent to Gtk::Application::add_window().

      // Delete the window when it is hidden.
      appwindow->signal_hide().connect(sigc::bind<Gtk::Window*>(sigc::mem_fun(*this,
        &ExampleApplication::on_hide_window), appwindow));

      return appwindow;
    }

    void ExampleApplication::on_startup()
    {
      // Call the base class's implementation.
      Gtk::Application::on_startup();

      // Add actions and keyboard accelerators for the application menu.
      add_action("preferences", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &ExampleApplication::on_action_preferences));
      add_action("quit", sigc::mem_fun(*this, &ExampleApplication::on_action_quit));
      set_accel_for_action("app.quit", "<Ctrl>Q");

      auto refBuilder = Gtk::Builder::create();
      try
      {
        refBuilder->add_from_resource("/org/gtkmm/exampleapp/app_menu.ui");
      }
      catch (const Glib::Error& ex)
      {
        std::cerr << "ExampleApplication::on_startup(): " << ex.what() << std::endl;
        return;
      }

      auto object = refBuilder->get_object("appmenu");
      auto app_menu = Glib::RefPtr<Gio::MenuModel>::cast_dynamic(object);
      if (app_menu)
        set_app_menu(app_menu);
      else
        std::cerr << "ExampleApplication::on_startup(): No \"appmenu\" object in app_menu.ui"
                  << std::endl;
    }

    void ExampleApplication::on_activate()
    {
      try
      {
        // The application has been started, so let's show a window.
        auto appwindow = create_appwindow();
        appwindow->present();
      }
      // If create_appwindow() throws an exception (perhaps from Gtk::Builder),
      // no window has been created, no window has been added to the application,
      // and therefore the application will stop running.
      catch (const Glib::Error& ex)
      {
        std::cerr << "ExampleApplication::on_activate(): " << ex.what() << std::endl;
      }
      catch (const std::exception& ex)
      {
        std::cerr << "ExampleApplication::on_activate(): " << ex.what() << std::endl;
      }
    }

    void ExampleApplication::on_open(const Gio::Application::type_vec_files& files,
      const Glib::ustring& /* hint */)
    {
      // The application has been asked to open some files,
      // so let's open a new view for each one.
      ExampleAppWindow* appwindow = nullptr;
      auto windows = get_windows();
      if (windows.size() > 0)
        appwindow = dynamic_cast<ExampleAppWindow*>(windows[0]);

      try
      {
        if (!appwindow)
          appwindow = create_appwindow();

        for (const auto& file : files)
          appwindow->open_file_view(file);

        appwindow->present();
      }
      catch (const Glib::Error& ex)
      {
        std::cerr << "ExampleApplication::on_open(): " << ex.what() << std::endl;
      }
      catch (const std::exception& ex)
      {
        std::cerr << "ExampleApplication::on_open(): " << ex.what() << std::endl;
      }
    }

    void ExampleApplication::on_hide_window(Gtk::Window* window)
    {
      delete window;
    }

    void ExampleApplication::on_action_preferences()
    {

    }

    void ExampleApplication::on_action_quit()
    {
      // Gio::Application::quit() will make Gio::Application::run() return,
      // but it's a crude way of ending the program. The window is not removed
      // from the application. Neither the window's nor the application's
      // destructors will be called, because there will be remaining reference
      // counts in both of them. If we want the destructors to be called, we
      // must remove the window from the application. One way of doing this
      // is to hide the window. See comment in create_appwindow().
      auto windows = get_windows();
      for (auto window : windows)
        window->hide();

      // Not really necessary, when Gtk::Widget::hide() is called, unless
      // Gio::Application::hold() has been called without a corresponding call
      // to Gio::Application::release().
      quit();
    }

File: `main.cc` (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

    #include "../step1/main.cc"
    // Equal to the corresponding file in step1

File: `exampleappwindow.cc` (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

    #include "../step3/exampleappwindow.cc"
    // Equal to the corresponding file in step3

File: `exampleapp.gresource.xml` (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <gresources>
      <gresource prefix="/org/gtkmm/exampleapp">
        <file preprocess="xml-stripblanks">window.ui</file>
        <file preprocess="xml-stripblanks">app_menu.ui</file>
      </gresource>
    </gresources>

File: `app_menu.ui` (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <interface>
      <!-- interface-requires gtk+ 3.0 -->
      <menu id="appmenu">
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Preferences</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.preferences</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
        <section>
          <item>
            <attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Quit</attribute>
            <attribute name="action">app.quit</attribute>
          </item>
        </section>
      </menu>
    </interface>

Opening files |  | A preference dialog